2 Corinthians 13:1
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
2 Corinthians 13:1
1 This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.
Chapter Context
2 Corinthians 13 is a apologetic epistle chapter in the New Testament that explores themes of judgment, mercy, faith. Written during Paul's third missionary journey (c. 55-56 CE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Paul defended his apostleship against challenges in a culture valuing rhetorical prowess.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-14: Central message and teachings
This chapter is significant because it demonstrates God's faithfulness despite human unfaithfulness. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within 2 Corinthians and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
2 Corinthians 13:1
1 This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.
Analysis
This is the third time I am coming to you—Paul announces his impending third visit to Corinth, invoking the legal principle from Deuteronomy 19:15 that in the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. The Greek martyrōn (μαρτύρων, "witnesses") establishes judicial authority. Paul frames his apostolic visits themselves as witnesses against persistent sin—each visit providing testimony requiring action.
The threefold pattern echoes Christ's three predictions of His death and Peter's three denials, suggesting both judgment and restoration. Paul's application of Torah legal standards to church discipline demonstrates continuity between Old and New Covenant authority structures, with apostolic authority carrying judicial weight comparable to Mosaic courts.
Historical Context
Paul's relationship with Corinth was tumultuous. His first visit established the church (Acts 18), a second "painful visit" addressed serious sin (2 Cor 2:1), and now this third visit approaches. The Corinthian church struggled with factionalism, sexual immorality, and challenges to Paul's apostolic authority, necessitating this final confrontation with judicial authority.
Reflection
- How does Paul's appeal to 'two or three witnesses' demonstrate the biblical pattern for church discipline?
- What does Paul's persistence in visiting Corinth despite opposition teach about pastoral care?
- How should church leaders today balance patience with accountability when addressing persistent sin?
Word Studies
- Word: λόγος (Logos) G4487 - Word, reason, message
Cross-References
- Word: Matthew 18:16
- Witness: Numbers 35:30, Deuteronomy 17:6, 19:15, 1 Kings 21:10
- Parallel theme: 2 Corinthians 12:14